Fussilatbd.com is a free educational website. Mughal development projects cleared forests and established thousands of Sufi-led villages, which became industrious farming and craftsmanship communities. They are mainly of Arabic and Persian origin, with a minority of Bengali surnames. Muhammad Yunus is the first Bengali Muslim Nobel laureate who was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for founding the Grameen Bank and pioneering the concepts of microcredit and microfinance. The advent of Islam in Bengal gave the Brahmanical ascendancy a rude shock. [92], Bengal was also a major center of Persian literature. The names vary in the lists, though one or two names of local Pirs are found common in all. They lost their hold over society and in eastern and southern Bengal adherents to the local cults of Manasa, Chandi and the Nathas far outnumbered others. So the most important influence of Islam in Bengal is to be found in the diminishing superiority of the Brahmins, the social revolution among the Brahmins themselves, prominence of local cults like those of Manasa, Chandi and Natha, and finally the rise of Gaudiya Vaisnavism as a means of saving Hinduism, chiefly with its casteless appeal. The names of Barbak Shah, husain shah, nusrat shah and the Muslim officers, paragal khan, Chute Khan may be mentioned in this connection. Islam In One Site - bengali language. In the late Mughal period, the festival was observed ceremoniously in places like Dhaka and Murshidabad. [95] When Bengal was partitioned in 1947, a distinct literary culture evolved in East Pakistan and modern Bangladesh. There were many madrasahs to impart elementary education, and also institutions of higher learning, particularly in the towns and cities. Haji Shariatullah led the Faraizi movement, advocating Islamic revivalism. Though the caliph’s power was dwindling, he was considered the supreme spiritual head of Sunni Muslims all over. The inscriptions reveal that the mosques were built at the initiative of rulers or their officers. Modern and contemporary Islamic architecture evolved in the region since the 1950s. The Muslims came in contact with the local people in various ways. [71][72] Two districts in West Bengal – Murshidabad and Maldah have a Muslim majority and North Dinajpur has a plurality. In the early 19th century, Titumir led a peasant uprising against colonial rule. Almost all these poets received patronage from the Muslim rulers. Jalaluddin played a major role in converting the Hindus of Bengal to Islam. Of course, he had received his education under a Shiah teacher and his wife and mother belonged to Shia families. Alaol was a medieval Bengali Muslim poet who worked in the royal court of Arakan. Members of that family also came to Bengal as subahdars and held many other high posts. They also came with their religion and culture, with a purpose different from that of the Turks. Mughal Bengal became increasingly independent under the Nawabs of Bengal in the 18th century.[23]. Fazlur Rahman Khan was a prominent American Bengali Muslim engineer who brought in spectacular changes in design of modern skyscraper construction. In this sense Shaikhs were Ulama but they were Ulama who had themselves attained or helped others attain spiritual development. Punthis and other forms of Bengali Muslim writing, that had hitherto resided in the backwaters of rural Bengal, now began to vie for a space in the mainstream Bengali language and literature. In Bengal the state revenue was collected through middlemen. Living in the same country, contact with the Muslims, Buddhists and other lower class Hindus, whom they treated as mlechchhas or untouchables, was inevitable. It was not only Islam but several other forces, such as the Manasa, Chandi and Dharma cults, that were opposed to the Brahmancial system and were more amenable to the proselytizing influence of Islam. This is an awesome book on hadith by Sheikh Nasiruddin Albanee. [82] Terracotta and stone mosques with multiple domes proliferated in the region. They all came in search of employment and /or better livelihood. [36] There are numerous theories about how Islam spread in region; however, the overwhelming evidence is strongly suggestive of a gradual transition of the local population from Buddhism, Hinduism and other indigenous religions to Islam starting in the thirteenth century facilitated by Sufi missionaries (such as Shah Jalal in Sylhet for example) and later by Mughal agricultural reforms centered around Sufi missions [37], The factors facilitating conversion to Islam from Buddhism, Hinduism and indigenous religions, again is not fully understood. [24] However, historians including Richard Maxwell Eaton, Ahmed Sharif, Muhammad Mohar Ali and Jadunath Sarkar are in agreement that the bulk of Muslims are descended from Hindus who were converted to Islam by missionaries. A more well-established diaspora also resides in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Pakistan. This was, however, a negative approach; instead of liberalising the rules and thus keeping the lower class Hindus, Vaishyas and Shudras, away from the influence of Islam, they tightened the caste restrictions and thus isolated themselves further from the people. During the first three hundred years or so of Muslim rule, the Turks of one or the other group- the Khaljis, the Ilbaris and the Qaraunahs, ruled Bengal. [57] In 1977, however, President Ziaur Rahman, trying to consolidate his power under martial law, removed secularism from the constitution and replaced it with "a commitment to the values of Islam. It is the illustrated biography of Imam Muslim in Bengali Language. Islamic Studies. This architecture with its true arch, dome, minar etc took the place of the false arch and skyline or pyramidal shape. Nazrul Sangeet is the collection of 4,000 songs and ghazals written by Kazi Nazrul Islam. [62][63], Modern science was begun in Bengal under British colonial rule. Richard Eaton is Professor of History at the University of Arizona. Some Bengal sultans assumed the title of Khalifah themselves. M. A. G. Osmani was a four star general who founded the Bangladesh Armed Forces. They also had their mother tongue, Turkish or Poshtu as the case may be. The idea gained ground in some sections that unless the Brahmins could keep pace with the challenge of time and liberalise their social restrictions, they would not be able to stem the tide of Islam. [Abdul Karim]. Thus numerous mosques were built during Muslim rules down to the 18th century; a few hundred are still extant so that they can be used as prayer houses, while many have perished. Cosmology was a popular subject among Sufi writers. Generally regarded as the single most authentic collection of Ahadith, Saheeh Al-Bukhari covers almost all aspects of life in providing proper guidance from the messenger of Allah. Thus Islam, which came to Bengal a few hundred years after its birth, influenced the people and the society of this county very deeply. In those days, as in the present day, a person had to pursue his study up to a certain level to become an Alim, and the subjects which he had to study were the Quran, Hadith, Tasawwaf, Mantiq, Kalam, and such other subjects, as also the Arabic and Persian languages. The Muslim Literary Society of Bengal was founded by free-thinking and progressive teachers of Dacca University under the chairmanship of Dr. Muhammad Shahidullah on 19 January 1926. In fact when a new area was brought under control and a Muslim settlement was established, a mosque was built to facilitate offering of prayers by the Muslims. Iskander Mirza was the first president of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Thus Persian spread in Bengali Hindu society no less than among the Muslims. [38], Centuries prior to the advent of Islam into the region, Bengal was a major center of Buddhism on the Indian Subcontinent. Politically, it sowed the seeds of Muslim rule, but socially it planted a Muslim society, opening the gate of Bengal to numerous immigrants from the then Muslim world, which affected the existing society enormously. [44], According to the 1881 Census of Bengal, Muslims constituted a bare majority of the population of Bengal proper (50.2 percent compared with the Hindus at 48.5 percent). [40][41] In the preceding centuries Buddhism underwent a slow decline as Hindu kingdom gradually enveloped Buddhists states in the area and began of process of "de-Buddification" manifested by the reframing of Buddhist figures as Hindu avatars and the reincorporation of resistant Buddhist subjects into lower castes in society. Most Muslim marriages, however, are presided over by the qazi, a traditional Muslim judge whose advice is also sought on matters of personal law, such as inheritance, divorce, and the administration of religious endowments. Bengali was the primary vernacular language of the Sultanate. Sal Khan is a co-founder of Khan Academy. Sheikh Zainuddin was a prominent Bengali Muslim artist in the 18th century during the colonial period. The Muslims also introduced romantic literature in Bengali. But the most important development of this period was that the country for the first time received a name, ie Bangalah. Economically backward people also belonged to the Atraf class. The highly acclaimed poetry of Kazi Nazrul Islam espoused spiritual rebellion against fascism and oppression. In the early days, the Pirs were the people who adhered most strictly to the ideals and principles of a spiritual life. It is interesting to note that whereas in northern India, the place under imperial domination for centuries, Islam was confined to urban centres, in deltaic Bengal it captured the rural society. This hypothesis would explain why the Islam spread faster in East Bengal than West Bengal. Their mausoleums are focal points for charity, religious congregations, and festivities. Bengali language is not originated from Arabic world, or any single person in Arabic demography speaks in Bengali language which proves there is no relation of any kind to Arabic world or Islam without the embracing or conversion to Islam. The International Journal of History and Social Sciences. The shudras had no access to the religious texts. In the first half of the Muslim period, the social difference was not so acute, but during the Mughal period when Islam spread to the nooks and corners of the country, particularly in the river-girt area, the cultivators, the weavers, and others who adopted similar professions were relegated to the lower or Atraf class. ", "Fazlur R. Khan (American engineer) - Encyclopædia Britannica", "Surprise! They encouraged the cultivation of local language and literature; patronised Hindu poets and thus some very important books were written in the Sultanate period. In the past Taziah processions were organised with pomp, splendour and also grief in remembrance of the Karbala tragedy. It is unnecessary to speculate what percentage of Muslims adhered to the fundamental principles of Islam ie Salat (prayers), Saum (fastings), Zakat (poor rates) and Hajj (pilgrimage to the holy cities), because it was incumbent for Muslims to follow them. It once formed a single Indo-Aryan branch with Assamese and Oriya, before the languages became distinct. They received training in Muslim Law, Logic, Arabic Letters and religious literature. [85] Folk deities such as Shitala (goddess of smallpox) and Oladevi (goddess of cholera) were worshipped as pirs among certain sections of Muslim society.[24]. But for the Turkish conquerors the situation was different. Islam spread in Bengal in a lengthy process. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was the first President of Bangladesh. [14], The dominant majority of Bengali Muslims are Sunnis who follow the Hanafi school of jurisprudence. They are given different names like Manik Pir, Ghora Pir, Kumbhira Pir and Madari Pir. But the Arabs probably did not affect the society as deeply as was done by the Turkish conquerors. Bibliography  JN Sarkar, Islam in Bengal, Calcutta, 1972; A Karim, Social History of the Muslims in Bengal, 2nd edition, Chittagong, 1985; M Titus, Indian Islam, London, 1930; Richard M Eaton, The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760, OUP, 1994; James Wise, ‘The Muhammadans of Eastern Bengal’, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, vol. The Nawabs of Dhaka established Ahsanullah School of Engineering which later became the Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology. Today, the weaving of Jamdani is classified by UNESCO as an intangible cultural heritage. Addeddate. Hilalplaza is a complete portal of authentic Islamic books based on the Quran and Sunnah. So they were the people who formed the upper class of the society, the Ashraf as they are called. There is hardly any evidence of forcible conversion in the context of India or Bengal. Of these the theologians, ie the Ulama occupied a special position, because they occupied judicial and other religious offices. What was distinctive about the Bengali Muslim middle class intelligentsia is that unlike the Urdu-speaking ashraf they did not disown the Bengali language as part of their Islamic heritage. From the provincial capital down to the sarkars and parganas, from the military department to the rent receiving stations, Iranians and Shias were found thronging along with Sunnis and others. [citation needed] The Bengal Sultanate promoted the literary development of Bengali over Sanskrit, apparently to solidify their political legitimacy among the local populace. Then came the Mughals and a fresh wave of Muslim migration to Bengal started. Unlike the sultans of Bengal, the Mughal subahdars had no occasion to learn Bengali, and hence the agents of local zamindars at the courts of subahdars had to be masters of Persian. Folk songs called jarigan are very popular even today. The Freedom of Intellect Movement was championed by the society. The Muslim rulers always encouraged Muslim Ulama, Sufis and other religious leaders, built religious institutions and thus helped the growth of a Muslim society in Bengal. Arabs and Persians also came, and included people from various professions and other trades. Author : Rafiq Al-Islam Reviewing : Md. Many scholarly persons from Upper India and outside made their homes and settled in this rich province. According to an interpretation of a Sanskrit sloka by D. C. Bhattacharya, Jalaluddin appointed Rajyadhar, a Hindu, as the commander of his army. Rahim. Besides Yavana-dosa, being childless, going to brothels, marrying within the community, marrying wicked girls, killing Brahmins, committing adultery or fornication could affect the social life of Brahmins and entitled them to lose their caste sanctity. The nawabs, particularly Murshid Quli Khan and his son-in-law shujauddin khan appointed their relatives to the key positions of the state; during the time of alivardi khan, though Hindu officials did go up the ladder, he also confined the most important offices to his relatives, particularly his family members, children of his brother who were all his sons-in-law. The Bengali language developed from Apabhramsa and Magadhi Prakrit between the 7th and 10th centuries. In fact, there is no difference between Satya Pir and Satya Narayana. Abdul Kadir الناشر : Islamic Propagation Office in Rabwah This is a book in Bengali handles the phenomenon of corruption and shows, from a perspective of Bangladesh, how Islam deals with it. There were also cases of conversion of local people to Islam; the question of conversion is of special significance and will be taken up later in this essay. A number of imaginary Pirs also receive reverence from the credulous masses. They built mosques, madrasahs and khanqahs for this purpose. The importance of the superior castes in both political and social life was greatly reduced. In Bengal the languages were Bengali and Sanskrit. Centuries of contact between the Hindus and the Muslims had profoundly influenced both, so that the social and religious life of the Muslims profoundly influenced Hinduism, and in the same manner some practices of the Hindus entered into the life of the Muslims. [34] It adopted Bengali as one of its official languages, alongside Persian, the diplomatic language of the Islamic world, and Arabic, the liturgical language of the religion. [20][21][22] Two Bengal viceroys – Muhammad Azam Shah and Azim-us-Shan – assumed the imperial throne. We publish Story books, Islamic books and Computer books in English and Bengali. The Ulama and Mashayikh, therefore, enjoyed economic security so that they could engage themselves in the pursuit of knowledge and meditation. They conquered, established a kingdom and a government and took other steps to strengthen their position. The proclamation of Firuz Shah Tughlaq, an official document, addressed those whose co-operation and help were needed and sought against his opponent, the sultan of Bengal. FussilatBD.com. [68], Bengali Muslims constitute the world's second-largest Muslim ethnicity (after the Arab world) and the largest Muslim community in South Asia. They also granted lands to the Muslim learned people like Ulama and Mashayikh for their sustenance. A Narration on Muslim Bengal’s Struggle for Freedom. From murshid quli khan to sirajuddaula, ie till the 18th century, the subahadars or nawabs, as they were called then, were all Shias. So broadly speaking, the Muslim rulers of Bengal belonged to three racial groups- the Turks, the Afghans and the Mughals. So it is found that there were many elements in Muslim society, the Turks, the Afghans, the Mughals, the Arabs, the Persians, the local converts etc. Jola (weavers), mukeri (livestock holders), pithari (cake-sellers), Kabari (fish-mongers), garasal (converts of mixed origin), sanakar (loom-maker), hajam (circumciser), Tirakar (bow-maker), kagaji (paper-maker), Kalandar (wandering faqir or holy men), darji (tailors), rangrez (dyers), Kal (those who beg for alms at night), kasai (beef-sellers), gola or goala (milk-men) etc retained their old professions. Women’s Rights, Politics & Laws in Bangladesh. One Bengal sultan, Ruknuddin Barbak Shah imported a good number of Abyssinian slaves to guard the palace and the royal family, and this added a new element in the Muslim society. [56] Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin, Mohammad Ali of Bogra, and H. S. Suhrawardy, all of whom were Bengali Muslims, each served as Pakistan's prime minister during the 1950s; however, all three were deposed by the military-industrial complex in West Pakistan. It was founded by the orthodox Sunni Tablighi Jamaat movement in 1954. scholarship on the emergence of the Bengali Muslim intelligentsia is somewhat fragmentary and unsystematic. [24][25][26] Today, most Bengali Muslims live in the modern state of Bangladesh, the world's fourth largest Muslim-majority country, along with the Indian states of West Bengal and Assam. The Mughal Emperors considered Bengal their most prized province. They form the largest Bengali and the second largest Muslim ethnic group in the world (after Arab Muslims). Islam, which came in the wake of the Turkish conquest, changed the socio-religious pattern of Bengal. [50] The Faraizis sought to create a caliphate and cleanse the region's Muslim society of what they deemed "un-Islamic practices". 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